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我在探索奇妙的植物世界
I'm exploring the fascinating world of plants,

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从最奇怪的到最美丽的
from the most bizarre to the most beautiful.

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我将利用如今的最新科技
I will be using today's latest technology

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来揭示整个植物世界的全新一面
to reveal a whole new dimension in the lives of plants.

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我将回溯到它们登陆伊始
I'll trace them from their beginnings on land

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关注它们如今在自然界的重要地位
to their vital place in nature today...

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并且会发现我们常常
..and discover a hidden world

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视而不见的隐秘世界
that, only too often, we overlook.

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我们将时间流速改换到它们的标准
We'll move from our time scale to theirs.

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我们要探索一些植物
We will explore the extraordinary ways

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在最严酷环境下生存的非凡方法
by which some plants survive in the harshest conditions.

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而这些都会在一个独特的地方发生
And we will do all this in one unique place,

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一个整个植物世界的缩影
a microcosm of the whole plant world,

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英国皇家植物园邱园
the Royal Botanic Gardens of Kew.

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植物王国
Kingdom of Plants with David Attenborough
============
记录片之家倾情奉献
http://www.jlpzj.net/
本字幕仅供学习交流，严禁用于商业用途
============
听译&时间轴：样子@纪录片之家

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植物在其自然栖息地生长
I've seen plants growing in their natural habitats

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我在世界各地都见过
all over the world.

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不过在邱园
But here in Kew,

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我们能用在野外无法实现的方法
it's possible to examine them in a way 

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来对它们进行检验
that is impossible in the wild.

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所有已知植物物种的百分之九十
Here, some 90% of all known plant species

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在这里都有不同方式的表现
are represented in one form or another.

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所以就在这个地方
So, in this one place,

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人们可以纵览整个植物王国
you can survey the entire plant kingdom,

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不仅如此
and what is more,

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我们使用3D摄像机
using 3D cameras,

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揭示出它们最私密的玄奥
reveal some of its most intimate secrets.

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湿润地带的生命
Life in the Wet Zone
============
记录片之家倾情奉献
http://www.jlpzj.net/
本字幕仅供学习交流，严禁用于商业用途
============
听译&时间轴：样子@纪录片之家

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植物最繁茂的地方
Plants flourish most dramatically 

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是非常温暖而且水量丰沛的地区
in places where there is a lot of warmth and a lot of water -

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湿润地带
the wet zone.

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在这里能知道植物最早如何登陆
So here we can discover how plants first established themselves on land

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并且成为所有陆生生命的基础
to become the very foundation of all terrestrial life.

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雨林仅占有
Rainforests occupy only about

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地球表面的百分之二
2% of the world's land surface,

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但却拥有
but they contain

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全世界半数以上的物种
over 50% of the world's species.

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很多湿润地区的植物
And many of these wet zone plants

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有着非同寻常的生存策略
have extraordinary survival strategies.

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为了研究它们，邱园在泰晤士河畔
And to study them, Kew has built a rainforest

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建造了一个雨林
here on the banks of Thames.

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这可是与众不同的雨林
This is a rainforest like no other.

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棕榈温室于1844年建成
The Palm House was constructed in 1844

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用掉了两百吨钢铁
from over 200 tons of iron

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和一万六千块玻璃
and 16,000 panes of glass.

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此前没人建造过如此规模的温室
No one had ever built a glass house on this scale before

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建筑师为了能完成任务
and to do so, the architects borrowed techniques

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借用了造船业的技术
from the ship building industry,

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这也许就是棕榈温室为什么
which may explain why the Palm House

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看起来像是倒置的船吧
looks like the upturned hull of a ship.

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它的目的是为放置和培育
Its purpose was to provide a home for the tropical plants

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维多利亚时代探险家们
that Victorian explorers brought back

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带回来的热带植物
from their adventures in the tropics.

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这是那一时期的工程奇迹
It was an engineering wonder of the age.

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今天这里仍是植物学奇观
And it is still a botanical wonder.

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在温室这一端的多数植物
Most of the plants at this end of the house

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都是盆栽的
are kept in pots

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跟当时在维多利亚时代一样
as they would have been in Victorian times.

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这几乎肯定就是
And this is almost certainly

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世界上最古老的盆栽植物
the oldest pot plant in the world.

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这是一株非洲面包铁
This is Encephalartos altensteinii.

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1775年来到这里
and it came here in 1775.

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自从这株苏铁来此之后
Altensteinii has since been joined

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又有很多湿润地区的植物加盟
by a multitude of other wet zone plants.

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它们一起构成了独特的全球雨林
Together they constitute a unique global rainforest,

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是一个活的实验室
a living laboratory

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我们在这里可以观察雨林植物
where we can watch and observe the fascinating ways

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相互作用和行为的美妙方式
in which rainforest plants interact and behave.

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温室里的条件对湿润地区植物来说
Conditions in this glass house are near perfect

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几近完美
for wet zone plants.

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这里温暖
It's warm,

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而且潮湿
it's humid,

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有充分的光照
there's plenty of light,

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所以植物生长速度很快
and as a consequence, plants grow very rapidly

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而且全年生长
and all through the year.

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如果把时间快进
If you speed up time,

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植物就开始表现出真实面目
plants begin to reveal their true nature.

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它们可不是你所想的那样逆来顺受
They are not passive organisms as you might think,

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而是很好斗的生物
but competitive creatures,

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攻击性一点儿不比动物们差
every bit is aggressive as animals,

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为了光线和空间奋力争斗着
locked in a desperate battle for light and space.

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它们伸展冲刺
They stretch and pulse

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努力让自己拥有更好的出发点
as they strive to barge their way into poll position.

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攀缘和藤蔓植物伸展着
Creepers and vines reach around

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寻找其它植物的枝干
for the branch or the stem of another plant

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好搭顺风车
on which to hitch a ride.

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竹子是一类巨大的草本植物
Bamboos, a family of giant grasses,

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能以惊人的速度生长
are capable of extraordinary speeds

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竞相冲向树冠层顶部的绚丽阳光
as they race towards the mightiest light of the top of the canopy.

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它们是全世界生长速度最快的植物
They are the fastest growing of all plants.

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有些种类仅在一天之内
Some species can grow a whole meter

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能长高整整一米
in a single day.

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它们能长到三十米高
And at 30 meters tall,

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相当于九层办公楼
as high as a nine-storey office building,

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比最高的雨林树木也不逊色
they can compete with the tallest rainforest trees.

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湿润地区植物不用争夺的资源
The one resource wet zone plants don't need to fight for

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就是水
is water.

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其实
In fact,

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雨林里的雨量可能非常大
there can be so much rain in the rainforest

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有些种类演化出了特殊方法
that some species have to have special ways

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来摆脱这些水
of getting rid of it.

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这是一株芋类植物
This is the taro plant

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它的叶子是最非同一般的
and it has the most extraordinary leaves.

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我往上倒些水会怎么样呢？
What would happen when I pour water on them?

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水会流走
The water rolls,

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叶子几乎还是干的
leaving the leaf behind almost dry.

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这是因为它的叶子
And that's because the leaf

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有非常小的显微结构覆盖
is covered with very, very tiny microscopic structures

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几乎把水滴架起
which hold aloft the droplets of water.

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结果就是只有百分之二的水
And as a consequence, only about 2% of water

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接触到真正的叶表
touches the actual leaf surface itself.

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而流走的水滴
And as the droplets roll away,

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能带走灰尘和细菌
they carry with them the dirt and bacteria,

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所以这些叶子其实可以自洁
so, in effect, these leaves are self-cleaning.

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不过有些植物有不同的方法
But there are some plants that use water

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来利用水
in a different way

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它们生活在高高的树冠上面
and they leave high up in the canopy.

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一株积水凤梨
A tank bromeliad,

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这种植物的生长摆脱了
a plant that is dispensed with the need of growing

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对土壤的依赖
in the soil on the ground,

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它把自己附着在
and instead attaches itself

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树冠这里的树枝上
to branches up here in the canopy

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这里有充分的光照
where there is plenty of light.

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因为远离地面
And since it's so far from the ground,

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它发展出的养分获取技术
it has had to develop a technique of collecting its nutriment

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相当与众不同
in a quite different way.

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它们集起一些雨水
They collect some of the rain

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在其生活的南美雨林，每天都下雨
in everyday drenches in South American rainforest where they live.

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它们的叶片非常宽大
Their leaves, which are very broad,

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能把雨水导入一个中心水池
channel the rain water into a central reservoir.

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就在其基部
At their base,

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叶片紧密地叠在一起
the leaves are so tightly pressed together

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形成的水池滴水不漏
that the tank they create is watertight.

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有些种类的容量高达五十升
Some species can hold up to 50 liters of liquid.

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这不仅给植物提供水分
The water not only hydrates the plant,

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也为很多生物提供了家园
but it also provides a home

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否则它们没法在这样的高处生存
for a lot of creatures that wouldn't otherwise be able to live up here.

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这些小孑孓
These little wriggler

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是蚊子的幼虫
are the larvae of mosquitoes.

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在野外，能从这些小水池里
In the wild, there are lots of different creatures

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发现很多不同种类的生物
that can be found in these little pools.

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这是秘鲁毒蛙
This is Ranitomeya imitator,

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一种秘鲁产的箭毒蛙
a poison dart frog from Peru.

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它只有拇指指甲大小
It's the size of a thumb nail

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是两栖动物中唯一一夫一妻制的
and the only monogamous amphibian in the world.

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有的毒蛙从蝌蚪到成蛙
Some individuals spend their whole lives,

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一生都在凤梨水池里和周围生活
tadpole to adult, in and around bromeliad pools.

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在高高的树冠上
And high in the canopy,

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这样的水池是很不错的家
such a pool provides an excellent home.

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这里相对安全
It's relatively safe

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还有现成的充足食物
and there is a ready supply of food.

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这种安排对植物有利
The plant benefits from the arrangement

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植物从其住客的粪便中获得
because the droppings produced by its lodger

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富含养分的肥料
are a nutritious fertilizer.

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凤梨和在它们池中生活的毒蛙
Bromeliads and the frogs that live in them

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只是这一复杂关系的一个范例
are only one example of the complex relationships

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雨林中如此情况比比皆是
that are bound in the rainforests.

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在热带森林里
In tropical forests,

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每种生物的生命
the lives of every living thing,

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无论动物还是植物
both animal and plant,

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都是相互交错关联的
are intimately entwined.

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这是千百万年来
It's a tangled web

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进化出的错综复杂的网络
that has evolved over many millions of years.

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整个历史上
Throughout the history,

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雨林为植物提供了避难所
rainforests have provided plants with a refuge

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不用忍受其它地方的严酷条件
against harsher conditions elsewhere in the planet.

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所以在雨林里
So in rainforests,

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能找到一些类非常古老的植物
you'll find some very ancient plant families.

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比如这株苏铁所属的这类植物
This cycad, for example, belongs to a family

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肯定曾是恐龙的食物来源
that certainly provided food for the dinosaurs.

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不过雨林有着丰富的环境
But the rainforest is such a rich environment

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历史上各阶段的植物
that plants of all state in their history

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在这里都能找到
can still be found here.

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最早的是黏滑的丝状藻类
The first was slimy thread-like algae

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它们从河流和沼泽中演化而来
that emerged from rivers and swamps

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生长在潮湿的泥地区域
to grow on the wet muddy margins.

177
00:13:43,060 --> 00:13:45,372
四千万年之后
40 million years or so later,

178
00:13:45,581 --> 00:13:48,054
它们中有些进化出了防水外膜
some developed watertight coverings

179
00:13:48,123 --> 00:13:52,538
使之能够尝试仍然潮湿的陆地
that enabled them to move on to try those still moist land.

180
00:13:58,655 --> 00:14:00,322
它们是地钱
They were the liverworts

181
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:04,773
还有苔藓
and the mosses.

182
00:14:16,596 --> 00:14:20,217
在此之后，这些植物的一些后代
Later still, some of the descendents of those plants

183
00:14:20,234 --> 00:14:21,833
茎干变得强韧
stiffen their stems

184
00:14:21,902 --> 00:14:23,935
于是便能够直立
so that they were able to stand upright

185
00:14:23,953 --> 00:14:26,247
向上伸展获取阳光
as they reached up towards the light.

186
00:14:28,333 --> 00:14:30,801
它们就是蕨类和木贼
They were the ferns and horsetails.

187
00:14:40,973 --> 00:14:43,214
地表的绿化
This greening of the earth

188
00:14:43,249 --> 00:14:45,369
改变了生命的进程
changed the course of life

189
00:14:45,527 --> 00:14:48,139
使得动物可以跟随植物
allowing animals to follow plants

190
00:14:48,191 --> 00:14:50,363
离开水体生活
out of permanent water.

191
00:15:00,357 --> 00:15:02,268
随着植物在陆地蔓延
As they spread across the land,

192
00:15:02,447 --> 00:15:05,732
它们从叶子中释放出氧气
the plants pumped out oxygen from their leaves.

193
00:15:06,045 --> 00:15:07,887
从最一开始
So from the very beginning,

194
00:15:08,130 --> 00:15:10,824
陆地动物就依赖着植物
land animals were dependent upon plants

195
00:15:11,137 --> 00:15:12,580
植物不仅是食物
not only for food,

196
00:15:12,632 --> 00:15:15,135
而且带来动物呼吸所需的氧气
but for the very air they breathe.

197
00:15:18,980 --> 00:15:22,212
植物在这新环境下主要的困难
A major difficulty for plants in their new environment

198
00:15:22,265 --> 00:15:23,951
就是繁殖
was reproduction.

199
00:15:25,706 --> 00:15:28,244
如果它们要产生有繁殖力的种子
If they were to produce fertile seeds,

200
00:15:28,383 --> 00:15:29,957
其花粉必须到达另一株
pollen from one had to reach

201
00:15:29,974 --> 00:15:31,552
并使其卵细胞
and fertilize the ova,

202
00:15:31,620 --> 00:15:33,567
完成受精
the eggs of another.

203
00:15:35,913 --> 00:15:38,903
之后针叶树，像是松树和杉树
Conifers - pines, yews and firs -

204
00:15:38,920 --> 00:15:41,370
开始像如今一样利用风力
then, as now, used wind.

205
00:15:44,186 --> 00:15:46,799
它们产生数量庞大的花粉
They produced vast numbers of pollen grains,

206
00:15:46,815 --> 00:15:49,631
每粒不比灰尘大多少
scarcely bigger than particles of dust,

207
00:15:49,735 --> 00:15:53,003
可以随风飞行成百上千公里
which the wind could carry for hundreds of miles.

208
00:15:55,175 --> 00:15:57,000
这种策略很成功
The technique was successful

209
00:15:57,052 --> 00:15:58,703
但是很浪费
but very wasteful.

210
00:16:00,603 --> 00:16:03,643
要想有一粒到达目标
Immense quantities of pollen grains had to be produced

211
00:16:03,766 --> 00:16:06,460
就得制造很大量花粉
if just one was to reach its target.

212
00:16:12,021 --> 00:16:15,328
不过此后在一亿四千万年前
But then, about 140 million years ago,

213
00:16:15,833 --> 00:16:19,291
有些进化出一种更有效的方法
some developed a much more efficient way of doing that -

214
00:16:23,845 --> 00:16:25,547
利用花朵
with flowers.

215
00:16:33,898 --> 00:16:36,377
在很长时间里，这是如何发生的
How this happened was, for a long time,

216
00:16:36,453 --> 00:16:39,120
对科学家来说都是个迷团
a total mystery to scientists,

217
00:16:40,241 --> 00:16:42,196
这里也包括最杰出的一位
including one of the greatest.

218
00:16:43,256 --> 00:16:45,771
有个费解之谜
Charles Darwin was baffled

219
00:16:45,832 --> 00:16:48,948
让查尔斯·达尔文很困惑
by what he called "an abominable mystery".

220
00:16:49,539 --> 00:16:52,978
就在恐龙时代的中段
The fact that, half way through the age of dinosaurs,

221
00:16:53,099 --> 00:16:57,492
显花植物突然间产生了大量新种
flowering plants suddenly produced a vast number of species

222
00:16:57,493 --> 00:17:00,433
这个过程时间非常之短
and within a very short period of time.

223
00:17:00,902 --> 00:17:04,231
达尔文所想的进化论的特点
That contradicted one of the characteristics of evolution

224
00:17:04,246 --> 00:17:05,473
是缓慢渐进的过程
as Darwin thought

225
00:17:05,518 --> 00:17:08,443
这刚好与之完全相反
that it was a slow and gradual process.

226
00:17:09,276 --> 00:17:11,109
到底发生了什么呢？
How could that happen?

227
00:17:12,337 --> 00:17:15,155
从达尔文提出这个问题开始
From the moment Darwin posed the question,

228
00:17:15,240 --> 00:17:17,786
科学家们就在努力寻找答案
scientists have been striving for an answer.

229
00:17:23,983 --> 00:17:25,619
最近的化石发现
Recent fossil discoveries

230
00:17:25,634 --> 00:17:29,665
和对现在及过去物种的DNA分析
and modern DNA analysis of species present and past

231
00:17:29,781 --> 00:17:33,872
改变了我们对这一奇妙时期的认识
have transformed our understanding of this fascinating period.

232
00:17:36,250 --> 00:17:38,129
利用这些信息
Using that information,

233
00:17:38,205 --> 00:17:41,478
科学家们通过在邱园的前沿工作
scientists with work pioneered here in Kew

234
00:17:41,614 --> 00:17:45,336
已经能够构建整个植物界的
have been able to construct the ancestral tree

235
00:17:45,442 --> 00:17:47,730
族谱树结构
of whole of plant life.

236
00:17:55,831 --> 00:17:57,967
它从藻类开始
It begins with algae,

237
00:17:58,043 --> 00:17:59,891
这是最简单的植物
the simplest of the plants,

238
00:17:59,982 --> 00:18:02,422
随后出现的是苔藓
which are followed by the mosses.

239
00:18:06,128 --> 00:18:07,977
升起的树枝的粗度
The thickness of the rising branches

240
00:18:07,992 --> 00:18:10,416
表明每一类里面
indicates the growth of number of species

241
00:18:10,492 --> 00:18:12,689
物种数量的增长
in each individual group.

242
00:18:17,598 --> 00:18:20,532
植物进化史的前半段
For the first half of the plant's evolutionary history,

243
00:18:20,593 --> 00:18:24,684
所有类别的植物繁盛度基本差不多
all the branches of plant life flourished roughly equally.

244
00:18:29,366 --> 00:18:32,881
然而在一亿四千万年前
But then, 140 million years ago,

245
00:18:33,063 --> 00:18:36,285
突然出现了物种辐射爆炸现象
there was an explosive radiation of species -

246
00:18:36,290 --> 00:18:37,709
就是达尔文之迷
Darwin's mystery.

247
00:18:46,709 --> 00:18:49,779
这些是被子植物
These were the angiosperms -

248
00:18:50,416 --> 00:18:52,522
就是显花植物
flowering plants.

249
00:18:56,885 --> 00:19:00,173
它们的机会比达尔文估计得要慢
Their evolution was more gradual than Darwin had thought,

250
00:19:00,249 --> 00:19:01,687
不过毫无疑问
but there is no question

251
00:19:01,749 --> 00:19:05,668
被子植物迅速成为主宰性种群
that the angiosperms quickly became the dominant group.

252
00:19:11,471 --> 00:19:15,047
它们分化成很多种类
They diversified to a huge range of species

253
00:19:15,168 --> 00:19:20,132
地球上几乎所有已知的栖息地都有
which have occupied almost every known habitat on earth.

254
00:19:22,648 --> 00:19:26,420
然而什么触发了这一剧烈变化呢？
But what happened to stimulate this dramatic radiation?

255
00:19:27,981 --> 00:19:31,860
是两个事件的幸运巧合
There was a happy coincidence of two events.

256
00:19:32,385 --> 00:19:36,566
第一个是遗传物质的两倍体现象
The first was a doubling in genetic material of plants,

257
00:19:36,582 --> 00:19:41,097
使得它们在环境变化时进化得更快
allowing them to evolve more quickly when their environment changed

258
00:19:43,879 --> 00:19:46,521
第二种变化
The second was one such change -

259
00:19:46,667 --> 00:19:51,743
是植物和动物独特关系的发展
the development of the unique relationship between plants and animals.

260
00:20:00,298 --> 00:20:02,420
这种巧合的效果
The effect of this coincidence

261
00:20:02,480 --> 00:20:07,359
在一种最早的显花植物处可见一斑
can be seen in one of the very first flowering plants to evolve.

262
00:20:14,770 --> 00:20:17,202
这是睡莲温室
This is the Water Lily House,

263
00:20:17,203 --> 00:20:20,754
是邱园中最湿热的一个温室
the hottest and most humid environment in Kew.

264
00:20:21,119 --> 00:20:23,378
它与1852年建成
It was built in 1852

265
00:20:23,465 --> 00:20:26,906
专门为栽培亚马逊王莲而设计
to accommodate the latest botanical discovery -

266
00:20:26,924 --> 00:20:29,774
这是当时的最新植物学发现
the giant Amazon water lily.

267
00:20:30,457 --> 00:20:34,419
现在是二月，池塘里几乎空无一物
Now, it's February and the pond is almost bare.

268
00:20:34,663 --> 00:20:35,861
不过几周后
But in a few weeks,

269
00:20:35,897 --> 00:20:38,486
各种奇异的睡莲
exotic water lily of all kinds

270
00:20:38,504 --> 00:20:39,789
就会竞相发芽
will be sprouting.

271
00:20:49,979 --> 00:20:52,499
我们从化石中了解到
The ancestors of today's water lilies,

272
00:20:52,517 --> 00:20:54,290
现代睡莲的祖先
as we know from their fossils,

273
00:20:54,411 --> 00:20:58,235
是最早产生花朵的植物之一
were among the first plants to produce flowers.

274
00:21:27,292 --> 00:21:30,281
鲜艳的花瓣和变形的叶子
Bright petals, modified leaves

275
00:21:30,368 --> 00:21:34,035
对飞行昆虫来说是种召唤
were an advancement to flying insects.

276
00:21:34,313 --> 00:21:38,132
它们表明这里有营养丰富的花粉
They signal the presence of highly nutritious pollen.

277
00:21:38,849 --> 00:21:41,681
花朵的形状像是简易的牢笼
The shape of the flower work like a primitive trap

278
00:21:41,682 --> 00:21:44,150
迫使昆虫在其中跌跌撞撞
forcing the insects to stumble about

279
00:21:44,167 --> 00:21:47,544
撞到花朵的繁殖器官
and bumping to the flower's reproductive structures.

280
00:21:48,569 --> 00:21:49,646
就这样
In doing so,

281
00:21:49,664 --> 00:21:52,626
昆虫将从之前到过的睡莲上
the insects transferred onto the water lily

282
00:21:52,631 --> 00:21:54,739
偶然收集到的花粉
pollen which they accidentally collected 

283
00:21:54,774 --> 00:21:57,260
传播到这朵睡莲上
on earlier visits to other flowers.

284
00:21:58,180 --> 00:22:00,984
现在植物可以诱使昆虫
So now plants could trick insects

285
00:22:01,053 --> 00:22:04,859
来为它们来直接传播花粉
into transporting their pollen directly from one plant to another

286
00:22:04,999 --> 00:22:07,919
进行上门服务
with a door-to-door service.

287
00:22:09,969 --> 00:22:14,319
亚马逊王莲花朵可以完全闭合
The flower of the giant Amazon water lily can close totally,

288
00:22:14,423 --> 00:22:17,378
将昆虫关住几个小时
holding the insects captive for several hours,

289
00:22:17,431 --> 00:22:21,792
以保证绝对的授粉结果
thus making absolutely sure that pollination occurs.

290
00:22:26,815 --> 00:22:30,071
很多不同种类的植物步其后尘
Many different species of plant followed suit,

291
00:22:30,105 --> 00:22:32,815
每种都进化出自己特别的花朵
each evolving its own particular flowers

292
00:22:32,869 --> 00:22:35,249
来吸引其昆虫信使
to attract its insect messengers.

293
00:22:37,944 --> 00:22:39,872
对它们服务的争夺
Competition for their services

294
00:22:39,925 --> 00:22:42,676
驱使植物进行分化
drove the plants to diversify.

295
00:22:45,689 --> 00:22:49,493
昆虫喜欢更鲜艳的花瓣
Insects favored petals that were brighter,

296
00:22:51,195 --> 00:22:53,682
更芬芳的气味
scent that was more perfume,

297
00:22:57,117 --> 00:22:59,741
和更甜的花蜜
and flowers that had the sweetest nectar.

298
00:23:04,847 --> 00:23:07,305
这种诱惑的出现
The appearance of such temptations

299
00:23:07,376 --> 00:23:09,729
对昆虫有着重大影响
had a huge effect on the insects.

300
00:23:16,209 --> 00:23:18,573
它们也开始分化
They, too, began to diversify.

301
00:23:18,603 --> 00:23:20,996
繁多的形式更有助于
A multitude of forms could better harness

302
00:23:20,997 --> 00:23:23,906
它们利用种类众多的显花植物
the potential of the numerous species of flower.

303
00:23:29,810 --> 00:23:33,401
大眼睛昆虫能够看到花朵
Insects with large eyes could spot the flowers,

304
00:23:36,972 --> 00:23:40,669
有力的翅膀能让它们在花间穿梭
powerful wings could carry them between plants,

305
00:23:46,017 --> 00:23:50,729
复杂的口器能挖到深处的花蜜
and complex mouth parts could delve into the deepest nectary.

306
00:24:01,709 --> 00:24:04,526
所以植物和昆虫一起进化
So plants and insects evolved together

307
00:24:04,552 --> 00:24:07,476
促进了双方的多样化
driving their mutual diversity.

308
00:24:11,461 --> 00:24:14,825
雨林是这些现象的整合
Rainforests are a combination of these presence,

309
00:24:14,885 --> 00:24:17,506
比其它任何栖息地的物种种类
containing a greater variety of species

310
00:24:17,522 --> 00:24:19,431
都更为多样
than any other habitat.

311
00:24:21,789 --> 00:24:23,647
在这里你能看到
And here you can see

312
00:24:24,092 --> 00:24:28,638
有些植物并不依靠昆虫
that some plants didn't restrict themselves to insects.

313
00:24:29,819 --> 00:24:32,880
比如这种叫做绿玉藤的植物
This, for example, is known as the jade vine.

314
00:24:33,057 --> 00:24:37,511
不过为什么是这迷人的蓝绿色呢？
But why is it this extraordinary mesmerizing blue-green color?

315
00:24:37,950 --> 00:24:40,738
我们知道它由蝙蝠来授粉
Well, we know that it is fertilized by bats.

316
00:24:40,844 --> 00:24:43,678
这也是花朵悬挂在空中的原因
That's why the flowers hang out in the open,

317
00:24:43,693 --> 00:24:46,572
这样蝙蝠能够轻易的到达
so bats can get up them quite easily.

318
00:24:47,188 --> 00:24:48,591
所以也许
And so maybe

319
00:24:48,834 --> 00:24:51,294
这种颜色对于蝙蝠来说
this color stands out particularly boldly,

320
00:24:51,309 --> 00:24:54,415
在月光下会很显眼
as bats are concerned, in the moonlight.

321
00:25:08,334 --> 00:25:09,910
当蝙蝠到来时
When the bat arrives,

322
00:25:10,001 --> 00:25:13,046
会把头伸到花朵里采蜜
it stick its head into the flower to get the honey

323
00:25:13,304 --> 00:25:16,152
这样就会压到这里
and as it does so and presses there,

324
00:25:16,495 --> 00:25:17,950
从这个钩子处
out from this hook,

325
00:25:18,101 --> 00:25:22,177
会伸出雄蕊撒下花粉
come the stamens and dab pollen on its back.

326
00:25:22,344 --> 00:25:23,889
所有当蝙蝠离开时
So when the bat goes away,

327
00:25:24,026 --> 00:25:26,995
会把花粉带到别的花朵上
it takes the pollen to another flower.

328
00:25:31,077 --> 00:25:33,667
每一种显花植物
Each and every species of flowering plant

329
00:25:33,702 --> 00:25:36,334
都有自己独特的进化故事
has its own unique evolutionary story

330
00:25:36,385 --> 00:25:39,626
这与为其授粉的动物密不可分
that's closely coupled with the animals that pollinated.

331
00:25:41,684 --> 00:25:44,235
但是有一类显花植物
But one family of flowering plant

332
00:25:44,389 --> 00:25:47,621
把这种关系发展得远比其它的
has developed this relationship in more complex ways

333
00:25:47,651 --> 00:25:48,928
更为复杂
than any other

334
00:25:49,864 --> 00:25:51,030
它们正因如此
and, in doing so,

335
00:25:51,133 --> 00:25:55,351
成为了世界上最多种多样的植物
has become the most numerous and diverse on the planet.

336
00:25:59,855 --> 00:26:04,033
据估计兰花的种类多达
There are an estimated 25,000 species

337
00:26:04,111 --> 00:26:05,393
两万五千种
of orchid.

338
00:26:13,602 --> 00:26:17,791
它们让查尔斯·达尔文特别着迷
This family had a particular fascination for Charles Darwin

339
00:26:17,823 --> 00:26:21,961
在邱园里保管的一封信中
as he reveals in one of his letters that is kept here in Kew.

340
00:26:23,337 --> 00:26:23,978
他写到
He says,

341
00:26:24,145 --> 00:26:28,504
“我对瓢唇兰极感兴趣”
"I have been extremely much interested with Catasetum",

342
00:26:28,632 --> 00:26:29,799
这是一种兰花
that's an orchid,

343
00:26:30,151 --> 00:26:33,833
“其实很多奇异的兰花都让我着迷
"and indeed with many of the exotic orchids.

344
00:26:33,918 --> 00:26:35,797
“在我生命中没有什么
"Orchids have interested me

345
00:26:35,812 --> 00:26:39,509
“比兰花更让我感兴趣了”
"as much as almost anything in my life."

346
00:26:40,267 --> 00:26:41,585
查尔斯·达尔文
Charles Darwin.

347
00:26:46,070 --> 00:26:49,023
这些奇妙植物的一种
One species of these amazing plants

348
00:26:49,085 --> 00:26:51,282
在邱园外面的地上
can be found growing outside

349
00:26:51,413 --> 00:26:53,064
就可以找到
in the grounds of Kew.

350
00:26:57,746 --> 00:27:01,701
兰花有很多非同一般的特点
Orchids are extraordinary plants from many points of view.

351
00:27:01,867 --> 00:27:03,140
其中之一
But one of them

352
00:27:03,277 --> 00:27:06,953
是花朵的底下那瓣
is that the lower lip of the flower

353
00:27:07,029 --> 00:27:10,241
被一组特别的基因控制
is controlled by a special set of genes.

354
00:27:10,574 --> 00:27:14,938
这意味着它能进化出不同颜色形状
So that means that it can evolve and change its shape and color

355
00:27:15,105 --> 00:27:18,544
而其它花瓣仍保持不变
while the rest of its petals remain the same.

356
00:27:20,463 --> 00:27:22,690
这种小兰花的底瓣
The lower lip of this little orchid

357
00:27:22,766 --> 00:27:26,478
进化得看来有点像一只蜜蜂
has evolved to look roughly like a bee.

358
00:27:27,327 --> 00:27:30,584
人们过去以为这是种警告
And people used to think that was a kind of warning

359
00:27:30,660 --> 00:27:32,827
不让牛去吃它
to warn cows not to eat it

360
00:27:32,872 --> 00:27:36,033
以免它们的舌头会被蜇到
on the grounds that they wouldn't want to get stung on the tongue.

361
00:27:36,094 --> 00:27:38,124
现在我们知道不是这么回事
Now we know that's not the case.

362
00:27:38,185 --> 00:27:42,624
这是在模仿一只雌性蜜蜂
This is a mimic of a female bee

363
00:27:42,791 --> 00:27:45,680
在吸引雄蜂来交配
that's attracting a male to mate it

364
00:27:45,740 --> 00:27:49,104
当雄蜂进行交配时就给花朵授粉了
and when the male mates, it will pollinate the flower.

365
00:27:50,149 --> 00:27:51,998
我们怎么知道是这样的呢？
How do we know that's true?

366
00:27:52,165 --> 00:27:55,240
因为这种小花产生一种气味
Because this little flower produces the scent

367
00:27:55,392 --> 00:28:00,149
和雌蜂寻找雄蜂交配时
which is exactly the same as that of a female bee

368
00:28:00,311 --> 00:28:02,538
发出的气味一般无二
trying to attract a mate.

369
00:28:05,174 --> 00:28:07,779
兰花的独特遗传属性
The unique genetic make-up of orchids

370
00:28:07,780 --> 00:28:12,265
使它们进化出难以置信的复杂度
has allowed them to evolve an almost unbelievable degree of complexity.

371
00:28:14,472 --> 00:28:17,775
它们在湿润地带有最多种类
And they produce their greatest variety and complexity

372
00:28:18,321 --> 00:28:19,760
和最高的复杂度
in the wet zone.

373
00:28:25,240 --> 00:28:25,997
在邱园
At Kew,

374
00:28:26,194 --> 00:28:29,876
兰花种植在威尔士王妃温室
they are cultivated inside the Princess of Wales Conservatory.

375
00:28:33,982 --> 00:28:37,740
这里的条件对它们再好不过
In this section, conditions are perfect for them.

376
00:29:04,032 --> 00:29:06,244
每种兰花
Each orchid species

377
00:29:06,365 --> 00:29:09,578
都有自己的形态和颜色特点
has its own characteristic form and color. 

378
00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:28,825
它们代表着动物和植物
They represent the pinnacle of evolutionary cooperation

379
00:29:28,885 --> 00:29:31,597
进化合作的顶峰
between animals and plants.

380
00:29:48,950 --> 00:29:51,011
在它们的极端形式下
In their most extreme form,

381
00:29:51,102 --> 00:29:54,602
这种关系对于植物来说是专有的
the relationship for the plant is an exclusive one.

382
00:29:54,723 --> 00:29:58,102
只有一种昆虫才有合适的装备
Only one species of insect would have the right equipment

383
00:29:58,178 --> 00:30:00,102
来获取植物的花蜜
to claim the plant's nectar.

384
00:30:07,430 --> 00:30:11,188
这种特定种类昆虫
This relationship between a particular kind of insect

385
00:30:11,263 --> 00:30:13,385
与特定种类植物间的关系
and a particular kind of plant

386
00:30:13,551 --> 00:30:16,930
产生了一些不一般的结果
produces some extraordinary results.

387
00:30:17,500 --> 00:30:20,091
例如达尔文最喜欢的兰花
This, for example, is Darwin's favorite orchid -

388
00:30:20,167 --> 00:30:21,243
瓢唇兰
Catasetum.

389
00:30:25,197 --> 00:30:26,788
跟一般兰花不同
Unusually for orchids,

390
00:30:26,819 --> 00:30:30,137
它们有些是雄性的，有些是雌性的
some plants are male and others are female.

391
00:30:32,707 --> 00:30:34,783
这是一株雄性
This is a male.

392
00:30:37,647 --> 00:30:40,570
它产生一种气味
It produces a kind of scent

393
00:30:40,601 --> 00:30:43,192
这能吸引一种
that attracts just one species of

394
00:30:43,217 --> 00:30:46,687
毛茸茸的绚丽小蜜蜂
small, blowsy and beautifully colored bee.

395
00:30:47,217 --> 00:30:51,444
蜜蜂落在兰花的底瓣上
The bee lands on the lip of the orchid

396
00:30:51,702 --> 00:30:56,429
把头伸进兰花的花朵里
and thrust its head into the orchid's flower itself.

397
00:30:57,414 --> 00:30:59,439
这就触发了一个机关
And that touches a trigger

398
00:31:00,863 --> 00:31:04,000
这个奇特的东西
and sticks onto the bee's back

399
00:31:04,076 --> 00:31:05,879
粘到了蜜蜂身上
this extraordinary thing,

400
00:31:05,894 --> 00:31:07,318
这其实是
which is, in fact,

401
00:31:07,394 --> 00:31:11,015
叫做花粉块的一束花粉
a bundle of pollen grains called "pollinia".

402
00:31:12,585 --> 00:31:15,328
这上面有个小帽
This has a little cap on it,

403
00:31:16,282 --> 00:31:18,813
小帽在一分钟左右后脱落
which, after a minute or so, folds off

404
00:31:19,025 --> 00:31:20,978
露出了里面
and reveals there -

405
00:31:21,025 --> 00:31:25,161
马蹄形的小束花粉团
that little horseshoe shaped bundle of pollen grains.

406
00:31:28,717 --> 00:31:32,004
高速摄像机能让我们看到触发过程
High speed cameras can show us the trigger mechanism

407
00:31:33,595 --> 00:31:37,156
花粉团以很大力量加速
The pollinia accelerates with great force

408
00:31:39,469 --> 00:31:42,348
保证牢牢地粘到
and so ensures it sticks firmly

409
00:31:42,408 --> 00:31:44,272
这只昆虫的背上
onto the insect's back.

410
00:31:46,226 --> 00:31:48,892
蜜蜂带出了一些花粉
The bee loads out some of these,

411
00:31:48,984 --> 00:31:50,317
飞走
flies away,

412
00:31:50,393 --> 00:31:53,181
可能会想下回可不来了
and maybe thinks it's not going to do that again,

413
00:31:53,251 --> 00:31:55,312
但是却仍然
but is nonetheless attracted

414
00:31:55,433 --> 00:31:57,615
被另一种看来很不一样的花吸引
to another rather different looking flower,

415
00:31:57,691 --> 00:31:58,888
就是雌花
which is the female,

416
00:31:59,161 --> 00:32:01,994
不过雌花也产生一样的气味
but which produces just that sort of scent.

417
00:32:02,539 --> 00:32:04,100
它把头伸进
And it sticks it's head

418
00:32:04,342 --> 00:32:06,100
雌花里面
into the female flower

419
00:32:06,170 --> 00:32:08,549
这一小束花粉
and this little bundle of pollen,

420
00:32:08,731 --> 00:32:12,913
就像一把钥匙插进一把锁里
like a key, fits into a little capture like a lock

421
00:32:13,140 --> 00:32:15,064
它把花粉留下
and it pulls off the pollen

422
00:32:15,413 --> 00:32:18,731
蜜蜂背上只剩下杆儿
and leaves on the bee's back a little bundle.

423
00:32:19,574 --> 00:32:21,226
货物进仓了
And load in the hold -

424
00:32:21,589 --> 00:32:23,650
授粉过程完成
pollination has been achieved.

425
00:32:28,680 --> 00:32:31,241
很难想象进化是如何产生
It's hard to imagine how evolution produce

426
00:32:31,256 --> 00:32:34,074
如此复杂的授粉机制
such a complex pollination mechanism.

427
00:32:38,281 --> 00:32:39,675
但是有一种兰花
But there is one orchid

428
00:32:39,842 --> 00:32:43,448
它的生命故事更加让人叹为观止
whose life story is even more astonishing.

429
00:32:46,054 --> 00:32:49,367
很多花朵产生甜甜的花蜜
Many flowers produce a sweet nectar

430
00:32:49,397 --> 00:32:53,988
诱使昆虫和其它动物来为其授粉
to entice insects and other animals to come and pollinate.

431
00:32:54,594 --> 00:32:57,458
这种兰花产自马达加斯加
But this orchid from Madagascar,

432
00:32:57,897 --> 00:32:59,427
彗星兰
the Comet Orchid,

433
00:32:59,539 --> 00:33:00,791
它的花蜜
carries its nectar

434
00:33:00,792 --> 00:33:06,119
深深地藏在细长的花距底部
at the end of extremely long spurs in back of its flower.

435
00:33:12,271 --> 00:33:14,917
谁能有这么长的舌头
What on earth could have a tongue long enough

436
00:33:14,932 --> 00:33:18,508
来伸进这么长的花距呢？
to reach down those huge long spurs?

437
00:33:18,841 --> 00:33:22,023
查尔斯·达尔文研究了兰花授粉
Charles Darwin who studied the fertilization of orchids

438
00:33:22,099 --> 00:33:24,902
确定这只能通过一种蛾
decided it could only be a moth,

439
00:33:25,083 --> 00:33:27,068
但是却没有人见过
but nobody had ever seen it.

440
00:33:27,326 --> 00:33:30,053
直到达尔文辞世多年之后
Until some years after his death,

441
00:33:30,215 --> 00:33:31,760
这才得到证实
it was proved right.

442
00:33:41,950 --> 00:33:46,474
这是非洲长喙天蛾
This is Xanthopan morganii praedicta,

443
00:33:47,947 --> 00:33:51,166
达尔文预言到的斯芬克斯蛾
Morgan's predicted Sphinx moth.

444
00:33:56,372 --> 00:33:58,493
通过特别的夜视摄像机
With special night-vision cameras,

445
00:33:58,537 --> 00:34:02,856
能看到为什么要有这么长的口器
we can show why a such an immensely long tongue is needed.

446
00:34:07,350 --> 00:34:09,998
它长达三十多厘米
It's a third of a meter long,

447
00:34:12,764 --> 00:34:17,446
刚好和花朵的花距长度相同
exactly the same length as the spur beneath the flower.

448
00:34:37,538 --> 00:34:41,065
兰花和它们的昆虫授粉者的关系
The relationship between orchids and their insect pollinators

449
00:34:41,087 --> 00:34:43,538
当然非常亲密
is certainly very intimate,

450
00:34:43,681 --> 00:34:47,879
但是这些西番莲和蝴蝶间的联系
but the connection between these passion flowers and butterflies

451
00:34:47,912 --> 00:34:50,307
则更为复杂
is even more complex.

452
00:34:57,864 --> 00:34:59,919
这种藤本植物
This is Passiflora -

453
00:35:00,073 --> 00:35:01,809
是西番莲
the passion vine.

454
00:35:11,520 --> 00:35:12,662
和兰花一样
Like orchids,

455
00:35:12,729 --> 00:35:16,455
它也靠鲜艳的色彩吸引授粉者
its brightly colored displays attract pollinators.

456
00:35:22,913 --> 00:35:26,056
其中之一就是袖蝶
One of them is a Heliconiinae butterfly.

457
00:35:28,484 --> 00:35:31,561
但是这种昆虫和植物间的关系
But this relationship between the insect and the plant

458
00:35:31,693 --> 00:35:34,195
并不是直接的交换
is not straightforward trade off.

459
00:35:35,118 --> 00:35:37,657
西番莲和蝴蝶间千百万年来
Passion vine and butterfly have been engaged

460
00:35:37,668 --> 00:35:40,635
一直处于一种魔高一尺
in an ongoing game of one-upmanship

461
00:35:40,657 --> 00:35:42,899
道高一丈的竞争
for many millions of years.

462
00:35:46,082 --> 00:35:48,708
蝴蝶需要的不仅是花蜜
The butterfly doesn't just want nectar.

463
00:35:51,632 --> 00:35:54,697
它还要找个地方产卵
It also wants a place to lay its eggs,

464
00:36:01,288 --> 00:36:03,397
让其毛虫后代一出生
a place where its caterpillars

465
00:36:03,430 --> 00:36:07,156
附近就能有好东西吃
will have something good to eat immediately nearby -

466
00:36:09,628 --> 00:36:11,738
就是西番莲叶子
passion flower leaves.

467
00:36:18,647 --> 00:36:22,119
这些幼虫胃口奇大
And its young have huge appetites.

468
00:36:41,498 --> 00:36:44,893
但是有些西番莲开始反击
But some passion vines have fought back.

469
00:36:46,662 --> 00:36:49,904
它们进化出了保护自己的方法
They have evolved a way to protect themselves -

470
00:36:52,563 --> 00:36:54,860
叶子中产生毒素
poison in their leaves.

471
00:37:00,395 --> 00:37:03,703
不过有的时候这还不够
But sometimes even this is no defense.

472
00:37:08,128 --> 00:37:11,678
有些毛虫不仅能够忍受叶中的毒素
Some caterpillars not only tolerate the leaf's toxins,

473
00:37:11,700 --> 00:37:14,194
而且把毒素储藏在体内
but store them in their flesh.

474
00:37:16,062 --> 00:37:19,425
现在这些毒素能帮助毛虫
And now those toxin serve as a defence

475
00:37:19,458 --> 00:37:21,931
抵御它们的掠食者
against the caterpillar's predators.

476
00:37:30,389 --> 00:37:33,169
故事到此还没结束
And the story doesn't even end here.

477
00:37:36,386 --> 00:37:40,968
西番莲又进化出第二道防线
The passion vine has evolved a second line of defence.

478
00:37:42,693 --> 00:37:47,265
这种叶子仿佛是一群蝴蝶
This one has leaves that give impression of being a swarm of butterflies.

479
00:37:49,327 --> 00:37:51,031
这样的拟态
By mimicking real ones,

480
00:37:51,064 --> 00:37:54,899
也许让蝴蝶产生没有栖处的错觉
it's maybe suggesting that there is no perching room for others.

481
00:38:00,214 --> 00:38:02,038
从它们叶片上
And in the details of their leaves,

482
00:38:02,049 --> 00:38:05,192
可以看到更让人惊奇的细节
you can see something even more surprising.

483
00:38:07,049 --> 00:38:09,016
这种西番莲
This kind of passion flower

484
00:38:09,126 --> 00:38:12,983
有种特别的方法能阻止雌蝶
has a special way of dissuading female butterflies

485
00:38:12,994 --> 00:38:15,566
在它的叶片上产卵
from laying their eggs on its leaves.

486
00:38:17,035 --> 00:38:20,617
它通过这些小黄斑来模仿蝶卵
It imitates eggs with these little yellow spots

487
00:38:20,705 --> 00:38:22,530
这样雌蝶会以为
so that female butterflies will think

488
00:38:22,552 --> 00:38:25,892
这些叶片已经被占用了
that these leaves are already taken as you might say.

489
00:38:28,002 --> 00:38:30,639
这种不同种类的西番莲
And this different species of passion flower

490
00:38:30,801 --> 00:38:32,405
也用这种方法
does the same thing

491
00:38:32,493 --> 00:38:34,900
但是用不同方法来模拟蝶卵
but imitates eggs in a different way

492
00:38:35,131 --> 00:38:38,680
它用的是叶片基部的小柱
with tiny little posts at the base of the leaf.

493
00:38:47,204 --> 00:38:51,281
西番莲的战术表现了植物用来
The passion flower's tactics illustrate some of the complex ways

494
00:38:51,292 --> 00:38:54,787
防止动物侵犯它们的一些复杂方法
by which plants dissuade animals from raiding them.

495
00:38:58,146 --> 00:39:01,750
不过有些湿润地带的植物反守为攻
But some wet zone species have turned the tables.

496
00:39:07,575 --> 00:39:10,586
这个芽苞很快会变成叶子
This bud will soon become a leaf.

497
00:39:14,628 --> 00:39:17,066
它不是普通叶子
It's no ordinary leaf.

498
00:39:22,684 --> 00:39:26,654
它有一个更为邪恶的目的
It has a special all together more sinister purpose.

499
00:39:31,986 --> 00:39:34,216
这株植物
This is Nepenthes,

500
00:39:34,326 --> 00:39:35,777
是猪笼草
the pitcher plant.

501
00:39:40,543 --> 00:39:43,510
它生长的土壤里养分贫乏
It grows in nutrient poor soils,

502
00:39:43,587 --> 00:39:47,433
所以得有别的方法获得氮和矿物质
so has to find nitrogen and minerals in another way.

503
00:39:52,573 --> 00:39:54,858
其叶片和花朵一样
The leaf, just like a flower,

504
00:39:55,023 --> 00:39:58,001
有吸引昆虫的奖品
attracts insects with a reward.

505
00:40:02,668 --> 00:40:04,745
瓶状体用颜色和气味
The pitcher is colored and scented

506
00:40:04,773 --> 00:40:07,375
来吸引来寻找腐肉的飞虫
to appeal to flies looking for a meal

507
00:40:07,426 --> 00:40:09,567
前来拜访
of rotting flesh.

508
00:40:11,632 --> 00:40:14,952
来访者能得到一种油脂状物质
The visitors are rewarded with a greasy substance

509
00:40:14,978 --> 00:40:17,414
位置就在屏状体盖的底部
on the underside of the pitcher's lid.

510
00:40:21,328 --> 00:40:23,841
但是植物也需要回报
But the plant wants something in return.

511
00:40:24,866 --> 00:40:26,019
不是花粉
Not pollen,

512
00:40:26,148 --> 00:40:27,277
而是美餐
but a meal.

513
00:40:32,088 --> 00:40:33,665
屏状体的唇部
The lip of the pitcher

514
00:40:33,704 --> 00:40:37,140
覆盖着微小光滑的隆起
in covered in tiny slippery ridges.

515
00:40:44,101 --> 00:40:47,486
表面上有蜡质进一步润滑
Wax lubricates the surface further.

516
00:40:51,233 --> 00:40:53,490
就连苍蝇在其表面
It's extremely difficult to hold on

517
00:40:53,592 --> 00:40:55,016
也极难站住
even for a fly.

518
00:41:05,609 --> 00:41:08,032
一旦进入里面就无法逃脱
Once inside, there is no escape.

519
00:41:13,058 --> 00:41:16,485
叶子里面有消化液池
The leaf holds a pool of digestive liquid.

520
00:41:20,665 --> 00:41:24,203
这里面有显微结构的弹性信息素
This contains microscopic elastic pheromones

521
00:41:24,344 --> 00:41:27,075
让其有流沙的特点
which gives it the properties of quicksand.

522
00:41:28,053 --> 00:41:30,015
昆虫越是挣扎
The more the insect struggles,

523
00:41:30,040 --> 00:41:31,912
陷进去越深
the deeper it sinks.

524
00:41:34,105 --> 00:41:37,374
在昆虫还活着的时候
Enzymes begin to dissolve the victim's body

525
00:41:37,566 --> 00:41:39,361
酶就开始分解其身体了
while it's still alive.

526
00:41:49,032 --> 00:41:52,570
有些瓶状体并不仅针对昆虫
Some pitcher aren't content with just insects.

527
00:41:52,993 --> 00:41:55,557
这种就捕食老鼠
This one eats mice.

528
00:41:55,933 --> 00:41:59,869
老鼠可能被其唇部蜜露吸引过来
The mice come along, perhaps attracted by the sweet nectar on the lip.

529
00:42:00,126 --> 00:42:01,241
它们掉进去
They fall in.

530
00:42:01,420 --> 00:42:03,561
之后就没法脱身了
They can't get a purchase to get out.

531
00:42:03,728 --> 00:42:04,920
被淹死在里面
They drown.

532
00:42:05,061 --> 00:42:08,728
最后瓶状体液体里的酶
And eventually, the enzymes in the pitcher's fluid

533
00:42:08,950 --> 00:42:12,604
把其身体分解到几乎尸骨无存
dissolve the body so that, eventually, there is nothing left

534
00:42:12,706 --> 00:42:15,514
只剩一点毛发和骨头
but a bit of fur and bone.

535
00:42:21,762 --> 00:42:25,762
这种是劳氏猪笼草
This pitcher is called Nepenthes lowii.

536
00:42:30,236 --> 00:42:34,493
生活在婆罗洲森林密布的山坡上
It lives on the forested the slopes of Borneo's mountains.

537
00:42:35,108 --> 00:42:39,830
这可能是最不一般的猪笼草
And it's perhaps the most extraordinary pitcher of them all.

538
00:42:40,779 --> 00:42:45,599
有证据表明它也吸引小哺乳动物
The evidence is that it too attracts small mammals.

539
00:42:46,997 --> 00:42:52,215
它在盖底分泌一种类似蜜露的物质
It excretes a sort of nectar from the underside of the lid there

540
00:42:52,437 --> 00:42:55,347
能够吸引小树鼩
and that attracts little tree shrews.

541
00:42:59,860 --> 00:43:01,937
这只投入的动物
This engaging animal

542
00:43:02,039 --> 00:43:04,514
就是它了
is Tupaia montana -

543
00:43:04,603 --> 00:43:06,838
山地树鼩
the mountain tree shrew.

544
00:43:08,261 --> 00:43:12,364
它以能找到的水果和昆虫为食
It feeds on fruit and any insects it can find.

545
00:43:14,671 --> 00:43:17,710
它也来拜访猪笼草
It also visits pitcher plants.

546
00:43:24,009 --> 00:43:28,073
直到最近，发生了什么都是个迷
Until recently, what happens next was a mystery.

547
00:43:32,641 --> 00:43:36,346
这段录像似乎表明这种动物已经
This footage seems to show that the animal has found a way

548
00:43:36,359 --> 00:43:39,577
能够逃脱光滑的死亡陷阱了
of evading the slippery death trap.

549
00:43:42,064 --> 00:43:42,986
更有甚者
What is more,

550
00:43:43,051 --> 00:43:46,756
它还在进食其盖底的蜜露
it's feeding on the underside of the pitcher's lid.

551
00:43:53,440 --> 00:43:58,081
该猪笼草不从动物尸体上获得养分
This pitcher doesn't get its nutriment from the bodies of dead animals.

552
00:43:58,312 --> 00:44:01,444
它有供养自己的另一种方法
It's got another way of sustaining itself.

553
00:44:03,226 --> 00:44:04,969
树鼩来进行舔食
The tree shrews come to lick it.

554
00:44:04,995 --> 00:44:06,072
当它这么做时
When they do,

555
00:44:06,136 --> 00:44:09,188
它的臀部就在瓶状体上方
their rear end is directly over the pitcher

556
00:44:09,393 --> 00:44:12,085
它的粪便就掉落进去
so that their droppings fall into it.

557
00:44:12,679 --> 00:44:17,333
就是这些给植物带来养分
And its that that provides this plant with its nourishment.

558
00:44:21,781 --> 00:44:23,589
甚至有人认为
It's even been suggest

559
00:44:23,721 --> 00:44:26,555
它的蜜露里有泻药
that that nectar contains a laxative

560
00:44:26,619 --> 00:44:30,247
来促使树鼩进行排便
to persuade the tree shrew to do just that.

561
00:44:54,524 --> 00:44:57,999
这种雨林环境的能力在漫长岁月里
This ability of the rainforest environment over time

562
00:44:58,050 --> 00:45:01,165
使得动物和植物的共同进化
has allowed the co-evolution of animals and plants

563
00:45:01,204 --> 00:45:05,012
发展出了无可匹敌复杂度
to develop to an unrivaled degree of complexity.

564
00:45:06,512 --> 00:45:08,229
不过复杂度高
But with complexity,

565
00:45:08,294 --> 00:45:10,221
就更脆弱
comes fragility.

566
00:45:12,772 --> 00:45:15,400
每个物种在雨林的复杂体系里
Each and every species has its own place

567
00:45:15,413 --> 00:45:18,144
都有自己的特定位置
in the complex working of the rainforest.

568
00:45:21,391 --> 00:45:22,879
近些年来
In recent years,

569
00:45:22,943 --> 00:45:26,879
邱园作为湿润地带活的实验室
Kew's unique position as a living laboratory of the wet zone

570
00:45:26,968 --> 00:45:29,712
重要性日益加强
has become more important than ever.

571
00:45:40,998 --> 00:45:45,242
邱园的作用如今已经远超园区本身
These days, Kew's role extends far beyond these 300 acres.

572
00:45:45,421 --> 00:45:47,344
人们在这里努力
And here, people are working

573
00:45:47,408 --> 00:45:50,447
拯救特别稀有的植物
to rescue extremely rare plants.

574
00:45:50,498 --> 00:45:52,438
以防其完全灭绝
from total extinction.

575
00:45:54,938 --> 00:45:57,617
损失每一个物种的危险
The danger of losing a single species

576
00:45:57,694 --> 00:46:00,605
都被非常严肃的对待
is taken very seriously indeed.

577
00:46:03,258 --> 00:46:05,134
在睡莲温室里
Here in the Water Lily Room,

578
00:46:05,186 --> 00:46:07,711
专家们面对一个
experts face a desperate scramble

579
00:46:07,763 --> 00:46:11,198
营救濒危物种的困境
to save one species from oblivion.

580
00:46:13,416 --> 00:46:16,314
在这些巨大的睡莲叶子之间
Nestling amongst the giant water lily pads,

581
00:46:16,352 --> 00:46:19,789
是小巧的侏儒睡莲
is the tiny Nymphaea thermarum -

582
00:46:20,997 --> 00:46:23,305
卢旺达睡莲
the Rwandan water lily -

583
00:46:23,626 --> 00:46:27,446
世界上最小和最稀有的睡莲
the smallest and rarest water lily in the world.

584
00:46:30,950 --> 00:46:32,467
由于在野外灭绝
Extinct in the wild,

585
00:46:32,544 --> 00:46:35,181
这些珍贵的个体
these precious few individuals

586
00:46:35,225 --> 00:46:38,445
是剩下的不多的最后样本
are some of the last remaining specimens.

587
00:46:40,566 --> 00:46:43,727
照片里是它唯一已知栖息地
These photographs show its only known habitat

588
00:46:43,796 --> 00:46:46,683
二十年前的摸样
as it was over 20 years ago -

589
00:46:46,947 --> 00:46:49,617
卢旺达的一个温泉
A hot spring in Rwanda.

590
00:46:51,200 --> 00:46:53,958
它最近被破坏了
It was destroyed just recently

591
00:46:54,617 --> 00:46:58,672
当地居民把水拦住供应一个洗衣店
when locals redirected its waters to supply a laundry.

592
00:47:01,460 --> 00:47:04,251
只有一株样本被带回欧洲
A single specimen was brought back to Europe,

593
00:47:04,328 --> 00:47:06,790
该物种的存亡就在攸忽之间
but the species remained on the blink.

594
00:47:08,955 --> 00:47:10,779
它的种子会发芽
Its seeds would germinate,

595
00:47:10,966 --> 00:47:13,119
但是幼苗总不能成活
but the seedlings always died.

596
00:47:16,039 --> 00:47:20,116
之后有些种子被送给邱园的这个人
Then some seeds were given to this man at Kew -

597
00:47:20,512 --> 00:47:22,281
卡洛斯·马格达利纳
Carlos Magdalena.

598
00:47:24,827 --> 00:47:27,849
在西班牙有“植物救星”的美誉
Known in Spain as "the Plant Messiah",

599
00:47:27,970 --> 00:47:30,322
因为拯救濒危物种的杰出能力
Carlos is famous for his great skill

600
00:47:30,410 --> 00:47:33,036
卡洛斯享有美名
in rescuing endangered species.

601
00:47:36,333 --> 00:47:38,890
但是这回这种小小睡莲
But even Carlos nearly met his match

602
00:47:38,912 --> 00:47:40,717
也几乎让卡洛斯折戟
with this tiny plant.

603
00:47:44,176 --> 00:47:46,329
很多这样不同的幼苗
Like this did many different seedlings,

604
00:47:46,450 --> 00:47:47,791
怎么都没有用
nothing seemed to work.

605
00:47:48,230 --> 00:47:51,516
那意味着该物种会永远消失吗？
Will that mean that this species will disappear for ever?

606
00:47:51,527 --> 00:47:53,952
没错，所以我非常担心
Exactly, that was very worrying for me.

607
00:47:53,963 --> 00:47:56,919
我开始一门心思放在上面
So I started becoming a little bit obsessed with it.

608
00:47:57,128 --> 00:47:59,018
真的
And, yes.

609
00:47:59,425 --> 00:48:02,051
是有点疯，对吧？
I mean yes, it is crazy, isn't it?

610
00:48:02,205 --> 00:48:04,249
要知道，你能不能做到的事情
To know that something that you can do or not

611
00:48:04,315 --> 00:48:06,612
会关系到物种的存亡
can make a difference to a species.

612
00:48:11,982 --> 00:48:13,620
卡洛斯没有放弃
Carlos didn't give up.

613
00:48:14,916 --> 00:48:17,905
他有了个离奇的想法
He had one more unlikely idea.

614
00:48:19,726 --> 00:48:23,418
它要让睡莲离开水生长
He tried growing the water lily out of water.

615
00:48:27,407 --> 00:48:30,067
这个让睡莲离开水生长的想法
This idea, growing water lily out of water,

616
00:48:30,089 --> 00:48:34,265
和让仙人掌在池水上生长一样疯狂
is something as crazy as to grow a cactus floating in a pond.

617
00:48:34,448 --> 00:48:37,118
所以这是在逻辑上
So it was the last unlikely thing

618
00:48:37,129 --> 00:48:38,954
最不会想到的方法
that logically you will do

619
00:48:39,800 --> 00:48:41,281
这些就是结果
and then these are the result.

620
00:48:42,250 --> 00:48:44,371
卡洛斯的灵光一现
Carlos's inspired idea

621
00:48:44,382 --> 00:48:48,756
受到了这种植物生态奇特性的启发
was to make use of this plant's strange ecological quirk.

622
00:48:49,335 --> 00:48:52,742
几乎所有其它睡莲都只在深水生长
Nearly all other water lilies only grow in deep water,

623
00:48:52,961 --> 00:48:55,247
而卢旺达的泉水非常浅
the Rwandan spring's very shallow,

624
00:48:55,390 --> 00:48:57,423
跟潮湿的泥地差不多
little more than damp mud.

625
00:48:59,390 --> 00:49:02,533
通过让它在水上的盆中生长
And so by growing it in pot above the water,

626
00:49:02,639 --> 00:49:05,826
卡洛斯复制了其自然栖息环境
Carlos replicated its natural habitat.

627
00:49:08,200 --> 00:49:09,925
短短几周内
Within a few short weeks,

628
00:49:10,013 --> 00:49:11,847
就有了五十株样本
there were 50 specimens,

629
00:49:11,914 --> 00:49:13,453
全都开了花
all set to flower.

630
00:49:15,757 --> 00:49:17,779
这是至关重要的一刻
So this is a crucial moment

631
00:49:17,801 --> 00:49:20,054
因为要是这有效
because if this works

632
00:49:20,065 --> 00:49:22,306
而且这很明显会奏效
and it's clearly going to,

633
00:49:22,801 --> 00:49:25,713
那你就单枪匹马拯救了这个物种
you have, in fact yourself, saved the species.

634
00:49:25,768 --> 00:49:27,801
要是我没有突发奇想
If I didn't have this crazy idea,

635
00:49:28,600 --> 00:49:31,578
这个珍贵物种就会永远消失
the holy species will be gone for ever.

636
00:49:43,388 --> 00:49:46,498
这真是迷人
That's absolutely charming.

637
00:49:47,377 --> 00:49:48,344
太美了！
Beautiful!

638
00:50:11,524 --> 00:50:14,821
在一个有如此众多物种的环境里
In an environment with so many species

639
00:50:14,931 --> 00:50:17,183
而且还有这么多特别物种
and so many spectacular ones,

640
00:50:17,260 --> 00:50:19,678
费这么大力气来拯救
it might seem odd to spend so much trouble

641
00:50:19,788 --> 00:50:24,268
这并不起眼的物种似乎很奇怪
and try to save just one comparatively inconspicuous one.

642
00:50:24,697 --> 00:50:27,015
然而雨林中的关系非常复杂
But the relationships within the rainforest

643
00:50:27,026 --> 00:50:29,576
也非常广泛
are so complex and so extensive

644
00:50:29,730 --> 00:50:31,488
每一个物种的损失
that the loss of just one

645
00:50:31,576 --> 00:50:35,191
都会产生一系列不可预计的结果
can have a whole series of unpredictable consequences.

646
00:50:35,730 --> 00:50:37,521
失去一种植物
The loss of a plant

647
00:50:37,818 --> 00:50:39,616
可能意味着会失去一种昆虫
can mean the loss of an insect.

648
00:50:39,957 --> 00:50:43,507
这也许有会让某种灌木失去授粉者
The loss of an insect can mean that a bush loses its pollinator.

649
00:50:43,693 --> 00:50:47,858
然后某种哺乳动物也许会失去食物
The loss of the bush can mean that a mammal has lost its food plant.

650
00:50:48,188 --> 00:50:50,078
没人说得清楚
Nobody can say exactly

651
00:50:50,155 --> 00:50:53,393
这会不会发生，什么时候发生
when or if such things are gonna happen.

652
00:50:53,767 --> 00:50:54,910
但对我来说
But to me,

653
00:50:55,053 --> 00:50:57,294
一开始就预防它的发生
preventing it from happening in the first place

654
00:50:57,525 --> 00:51:00,097
就非常合理
seems to make absolute sense.

655
00:51:06,467 --> 00:51:10,588
植物的故事远不能局限于湿润地带
The story of plants spreads well beyond the wet zone.

656
00:51:13,544 --> 00:51:18,379
它们进化占据了地球几乎每个角落
They have evolved to occupy almost every environment on the planet.

657
00:51:21,933 --> 00:51:25,240
它们在不断变化的地区幸存
They survive in regions of constant change,

658
00:51:29,232 --> 00:51:33,330
它们繁盛在几乎没有雨水的土壤
They thrive in soils that almost never see rain,

659
00:51:37,219 --> 00:51:39,232
而且我们将会发现
and, as we will discover,

660
00:51:39,437 --> 00:51:41,988
它们很多的生活方式
they do much of their living in ways

661
00:51:42,001 --> 00:51:46,744
我们几乎都没有察觉
that go almost entirely undetected by us.

662
00:51:51,146 --> 00:51:52,530
本片利用了3D摄制
和电脑图像强化技术

663
00:51:52,531 --> 00:51:54,030
拍摄地点在皇家植物园邱园
和其它可控环境
